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Showing posts from June, 2025

Week 21: Game Theory

  Nash Equilibrium and Dominant Strategies 🔹  1. What is Game Theory? Game Theory is the study of strategic interactions where the outcome for each participant depends on the actions of all. It analyzes  how players make decisions  when their choices affect each other. Widely used in economics, politics, business, and biology. 🔹  2. Dominant Strategy A  dominant strategy  is the best choice for a player, no matter what the other players do. If a player has a dominant strategy, they will always prefer it since it yields a better or equal payoff regardless of opponents' actions. 🔹  3. Nash Equilibrium The  Nash Equilibrium  is a situation where no player can improve their outcome by changing their own strategy, assuming others keep theirs unchanged. Each player’s strategy is  optimal given the strategies of others . There may be one or more Nash equilibria in a game. It represents a  stable state  where no one benefits by...

Week 20: Income Distribution

  Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient 🔹  1. What is Income Distribution? Income distribution  refers to how a nation’s total income is divided among its population. It shows whether income is shared equally or concentrated among a small group. ➤  Key Concepts: Perfect equality : Everyone earns the same income. Perfect inequality : One person earns all the income; others earn nothing. Most real-world economies  lie somewhere in between. 🔹  2. The Lorenz Curve The  Lorenz Curve  is a graphical representation of income distribution. ➤  How it works: Horizontal axis (X-axis) : Cumulative % of households (from poorest to richest). Vertical axis (Y-axis) : Cumulative % of income earned. ➤  Interpretation: A  straight diagonal line  (Line of Equality) shows perfect equality. The  further the Lorenz Curve bends below  the Line of Equality, the  greater the income inequality . 🔹  3. The Gini Coefficient The  Gi...